Hiccups could be a sign of a serious health issue: Causes, risks, and how to treat them effectively |

Hiccups are sudden, involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen and plays a key role in breathing. These contractions cause the vocal cords to close abruptly, producing the characteristic “hic” sound. Most hiccups are harmless and temporary, often triggered by overeating, consuming carbonated drinks, sudden temperature changes, or emotional stress. However, hiccups that persist for more than 48 hours or occur frequently may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as gastrointestinal issues, nerve irritation, or, in rare cases, problems with the brain or central nervous system. Recognising triggers and understanding when hiccups warrant medical attention is essential for effective management and overall health.

Hiccups occur when the diaphragm, the main muscle responsible for breathing, located at the base of the lungs, contracts involuntarily. This sudden contraction causes a rapid intake of air, which is immediately stopped by the quick closure of the vocal cords. This produces the characteristic “hic” sound. Essentially, hiccups are a reflex that temporarily disrupts the normal rhythm of breathing.For most people, hiccups are brief and resolve on their own without treatment. However, when hiccups persist, they can interfere with normal activities like eating, sleeping, and even speaking. Hiccups often occur due to simple, everyday factors that irritate the diaphragm or the nerves controlling it. Common triggers include eating too quickly, overeating, consuming alcohol, drinking carbonated beverages, or eating very hot or spicy foods. Emotional factors such as stress, excitement, or nervousness can also trigger hiccups.Dr Anisa Shaker, gastroenterologist at the USC Digestive Health Institute, notes that for many individuals, gastric distension when the stomach stretches after eating too much or too quickly is a frequent cause of hiccups. Certain medications or recent abdominal surgeries can also lead to hiccup episodes.

For most people, hiccups are temporary and can be managed with simple home remedies. Techniques that increase carbon dioxide in the blood, such as holding your breath or breathing into a paper bag, may stop hiccups by calming the diaphragm.Stimulating the vagus nerve, which connects the brain to the stomach, can also help. Examples include sipping or gargling cold water, lightly pulling on your tongue, or gently rubbing your eyes. Preventative measures include avoiding known triggers such as carbonated drinks, alcohol, and spicy foods, eating slowly, and consulting a doctor if medications are suspected to be causing hiccups.

While most hiccups resolve within minutes, chronic hiccups those lasting longer than 48 hours may indicate an underlying medical problem. Persistent hiccups can disrupt sleep, affect eating habits, and reduce quality of life. They may also cause secondary issues such as weight loss, dehydration, exhaustion, or acid reflux. In severe cases, chronic hiccups can even contribute to irregular heartbeat, chest pain, or breathing difficulties.

Persistent hiccups can sometimes signal serious medical conditions. These include:Damage to the brain or nerves, such as from a stroke or Wallenberg syndrome, can disrupt the hiccup reflex and lead to chronic episodes.

Heart attacks, pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs (pleurisy) can irritate the nerves controlling the diaphragm, causing hiccups.

Some cancer patients experience hiccups due to tumours pressing on the diaphragm or as a side effect of medications used in treatment.

Hiccups can also be linked to pancreatitis, oesophageal irritation, infections, or an enlarged oesophagus.Chronic hiccups that persist for more than a month should be evaluated by a doctor. Early diagnosis helps identify underlying conditions and ensures effective treatment. Treatments may include medications like chlorpromazine, nerve blocks, or, in rare cases, surgery. Listening to your body is important. If hiccups last longer than usual or interfere with daily life, seek medical advice. Addressing chronic hiccups promptly can prevent complications and improve overall wellbeing.